Social protections in Europe are too generous. Discuss Essay - 1

Is Animal Testing Really Necessary Essay Example for Free

Is Animal Testing Really Necessary Essay Creature testing is an expression that a great many people have heard however are maybe still uncertain of precisely what is included. Regardless of whether it is alluded to as creature testing, creature experimentation or creature explore, it implies the experimentation did on creatures. Test creature testing has been one of the most noteworthy discussed issues for a long time. Creature testing is utilized for various items and applications. Everything from toiletries to prescriptions has likely been tried on creatures sooner or later before their circulation (Murnaghan). Creature testing can be led anyplace from a college to a military safeguard foundation, any place there is a requirement for testing an item. Items to be tried will run from beautifying agents to pesticides and anything in the middle. Creature testing has been around for more than 500 years, since the mid seventeenth century, however testing for corrective purposes didn't begin until the 1930s. Creature testing has been profoundly bantered for a long time for whether it is good, moral, accommodating, right, off-base, simply, reasonable, etcetera. Numerous individuals remain against creature testing since they feel that it is uncalled for treatment to creatures since creatures don't have an opinion valued by anyone. On the opposite side of the contention, individuals battle for creature testing since it takes into consideration physician endorsed medications and drugs to be tried. The two sides have their admirable statements, creature testing can be viewed as brutal, particularly when there are choices that can be utilized, yet in addition, even with options, testing on creatures is still some of the time important so as to get the required outcomes. In a discussion between Laurie Pycroft, one of the authors of Pro-Test, and Helen Marston, head of Humane Research Australia, the two go to and fro about creature testing and its potential other options. Pycroft begins the discussion by clarifying the multifaceted nature of the human body and how no insightful apparatus can â€Å"fully repeat the unpredictability of a living organism† (Pycroft). Marston returns fire by discussing why creatures are bad models for human medication. She mentions that creatures are â€Å"anatomically, hereditarily, and metabolically† unique in relation to people (Pycroft). Pycroft keeps on raising various instances of how utilizing creatures for examine has helped make clinical advances for people, while Marston appears to keep on spinning around a similar thought of there being choices, yet she doesn't generally develop any one point, only that there are choices. Thomas Hartung discusses the options in contrast to creature testing. Something Hartung makes reference to is a test done in 2006, â€Å"when the TeGenero hostile to CD28 neutralizer, in the wake of testing safe at 500-times higher fixations in monkeys, [it still] prompted different organ disappointment inside hours in six human volunteers† (Hartung). In this way, giving a contention against creature testing in light of the fact that occasionally, in any event, when creature testing gives positive outcomes, it doesn't imply that a similar outcome will be available when human preliminaries are finished. Numerous individuals accept that creature testing is just about testing beautifiers or new medication treatments, nonetheless, there are a wide range of employments for creature testing, and Timothy Musch et al examine a portion of those employments. â€Å"Animal considers have an influence in the underlying improvement of applicant drugs, and the turn of events and testing of clinical gadgets and surgeries. Significantly progressively essential, creature examine advises clinical research by building the establishment of organic knowledge† (Musch et al). There are such a significant number of things that the testing of creatures can assist with improving. A few things, for example, the advancement of insulin, anti-infection agents, antibodies, and medications with high death rates, are all a result of high commitment from creature testing (Murnaghan). On the other side however, Alison Abbott brings up, â€Å"Every time you go after an eye drop or reapply a lip balm, you do so sure that the synthetic concoctions they contain are sheltered to utilize. Be that as it may, the toxicology test on which controllers depend to assemble this data are stuck in a time travel, and are to a great extent dependent on inefficient and regularly inadequately prescient creature experiments† (Abbott). Abbott discusses an enactment called REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) and how it intended to â€Å"make enlistment compulsory for both future and existing synthetic substances †even those that have been available for decades† (Abbott). Because of reach, it was normal that millions additional creatures would be utilized so as to meet the fundamental prerequisites. 5,000 creatures †that is up to what number of guineas pigs could be utilized for every concoction; in the event that it is a pesticide that number hops to 12,000. The assessed cost of running these tests on the unregistered (around 30,000) synthetics is between â‚ ¬5 billion (US$6 billion) and â‚ ¬10 billion (US$13 billion) (Abbott). So as to test one single substance for malignant growth causing potential, it takes five years, includes 400 rodents (every one of which is treated with the most extreme endured portion), and over half of the outcomes are certain, far more atrocious, of that half, 90% are bogus positives (Abbott). In taking a gander at the pugnacious side, there are two general perspectives: for creature testing or against creature testing. Numerous individuals lean towards being against creature testing since they feel it is brutal, obtuse, and uncalled for to the creatures. Presently then again, many individuals are agreeable to creature testing since it assists with testing drugs, clinical systems and different necessities. Creatures don't have their very own voice; they need individuals to represent them, to battle for them, and to ensure them. Numerous organizations, while endeavoring to confirm their items are alright for people, will perform different tests on creatures. Creatures are utilized for testing a wide assortment of synthetic concoctions and items, for example, drugs, antibodies, beautifiers, family unit cleaners, and pesticides. As composed by Delmas Luedke, â€Å"Animals are presented to an excessive amount of anguish; particularly when there are numerous options in contrast to testing on animals† (Animals and Research). On the off chance that there are options for inquire about, why test on creatures? There are new choices being made, for example, sensible programming models. The principal practical programming models of human and creature organs are beginning to develop †conceivably supplanting a portion of the 50 to 100 million creatures utilized every year for logical research† (Biever). With various sorts of programming developing, it is entirely workable for other programming to be cre ated in future years and creature tests could be totally supplanted. While doing clinical, restorative, or some other sort of research, creatures ought not be utilized or manhandled in light of the fact that it is brutal and destructive to the creatures being utilized for testing. On the rival side, a few people accept that it is alright to hurt creatures so as to find fixes and create medications, albeit creature testing can prompt anti-microbials, antibodies, and different medicines being delivered, there are different ways that those equivalent items could be created †without hurting creatures. As per Cynthia Pekow, â€Å"Although surveys state that most Americans acknowledge that exploration creatures are expected to propel clinical science, numerous individuals feel nauseous pondering creatures utilized in experimentation†(â€Å"Animals in Research†). Individuals don't feel queasy on the grounds that their meds are being tried on creatures; they are nauseous in light of the fact that creatures are being hurt all the while. While beneficial things have originated from testing on creatures, it is simply not worth the torment and torment that they are gotten through. One motivation behind why testing on creatures ought to be illicit is on the grounds that it is a pitiless and heartless approach to do research, and it is uncalled for in light of the fact that creatures have no voice of their own. Jackie Powder expresses that, â€Å"It was an excitement over the supposed abuse of hares by a beautifying agents goliath that set up for the making of the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing† (Powder). CAAT works with researchers, government controllers, and different supporters to distinguish options in contrast to the utilization of creatures in testing a huge number of synthetic compounds. People are fit for providing their agree so as to be tried on, while creatures are definitely not. Creatures have no voice of their own to talk with. They can't tell anybody when something harms; they can't tell anybody when something doesn't feel right; they can't tell anybody on the off chance that they would prefer not to take an interest in the testing any longer. A second purpose behind not testing on creatures is on the grounds that there is no ethical motivation to test on creatures when the outcomes may not be precise. There have additionally been numerous options that have demonstrated to be more exact than utilizing creatures. â€Å"Using creatures is problematic and incorrect due to incredible contrasts among creatures and people. Non-creature tests set aside less effort to finish, cost just a small amount of what the creature analyzes the non-creature tests supplant costs, and are not overpowered with species decent variety that make surmising results troublesome or impossible† (Stop the utilization, ). Virtual models, for example, the ones at Insilicomed in Lo Jolla, California, are being made. At Insilicomed they are utilizing a virtual heart to recreate the communication between the organ and a pacemaker, in the interest of a producer. The gadget is at first tried in the two creatures and programming to guarantee that the models precisely repeating what occurs, in actuality, however resulting test to refine the properties the pacemaker’s leads are done in programming alone† (Biever). With these models being delivered, less creatures will be utilized in tests. At whatever point there is an opportunity to supplant creature tests, those odds ought to be sought after with the goal that less creatures will be utilized. On the elective side of the contention, there are different reasons why creature testing is something to be thankful for. First of all, creature testing has h

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Fortress of Sacsayhuaman

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Fortress of Sacsayhuaman Sample TOEFL Integrated EssayThe QuestionThis integrated question is taken from aKorean bookwhich you probably cant purchase in your country. I am not allowed to share the lecture and reading here, but if you need some practice tests I strongly recommend that you purchase theOfficial TOEFL iBT Tests Collection. It is excellent!Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayThe reading and the lecture are both about Sacsayhuaman, which is a walled fortress built by the Inca people near the city of Cuzco. The author of the reading believes that the fortress was not built for defensive purposes. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that, in fact, the fortress was built to defend the Inca against invaders.First of all, the author claims that the walls in the fortress were not solid. It is noted that the fortress actually consists of a series of walls with great gaps in between them, which invaders could have passed through. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that the gaps were left in order to conserve building materials. Furthermore, she points out that natural barriers would have provided sufficient defense in the areas where the gaps were located.Secondly, the author states that the wall contains various entryways. The article argues that these passages were not defended very well and that aggressors could have entered through them. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that the entries were left because the Inca needed to see the invaders as they approached in order to plan their strategies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that the entries were mostly windows which were too small for invaders to fit through.Finally, the author mentions that no wells have been found behind the walls. The authors opinion is that if the fortress had been blockaded by invaders the defenders would have died of thirst. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that because of the high altitude of the fortress, invaders would not have been able to sustain long attacks. She puts forth the idea that defenders could have resupplied when their attackers fell back as a result of the altitude.NoteThis is a sample TOEFL personal preference essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for integrated essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

Explore Antarcticas Hidden Lake Vostok

One of the largest lakes on planet Earth is an extreme environment hidden beneath a thick glacier near the South Pole. Its called Lake Vostok, buried beneath nearly four kilometers of ice on Antarctica. This frigid environment has been hidden from sunlight and Earths atmosphere for millions of years. From that description, it sounds like the lake would be an icy trap devoid of life. Yet, despite its hidden location and terribly inhospitable environment, Lake Vostok teems with thousands of unique organisms. They range from tiny microbes to fungi and bacteria, making Lake Vostok a fascinating case study in how life survives in hostile temperatures and high pressure. Finding Lake Vostok The existence of this sub-glacial lake took the world by surprise. It was first found by an aerial photographer from Russia who noticed a large smooth impression near the South Pole in East Antarctica. Followup radar scans in the 1990s confirmed that something was buried under the ice. The newly discovered lake turned out to be quite large: 230 kilometers (143 miles long) and 50 km (31 miles) wide. From its surface to the bottom, it is 800 meters (2,600) feet deep, buried under miles of ice. Lake Vostok and Its Water There are no subterranean or sub-glacial rivers feeding Lake Vostok. Scientists have determined that its sole source of water is melted ice from the ice sheet that hides the lake. Theres also no way for its water to escape, making Vostok a breeding ground for underwater life. Advanced mapping of the lake, using remote sensing instruments, radar, and other geologic research tools, show that the lake sits on a ridge, which may be harboring heat in a hydrothermal vent system. That geothermal heat (generated by molten rock beneath the surface) and the pressure of the ice on top of the lake keep the water at a constant temperature. The Zoology of Lake Vostok When Russian scientists drilled cores of ice out from above the lake to study the gases and ices laid down during different periods of Earths climate, they brought samples of frozen lake water up for study. Thats when the life forms of Lake Vostok were first discovered. The fact that these organisms exist in the lake water, which, at -3 ° C, is somehow not frozen solid, raises questions about the environment in, around, and under the lake. How do these organisms survive in these temperatures? Why hasnt the lake frozen over? Scientists have now studied the lakes water for decades. In the 1990s, they began to find microbes there, along with other types of miniature life, including fungi (mushroom-type life), eukaryotes (the first organisms with true nuclei), and assorted multicellular life. Now, it appears that more than 3,500 species live in the lakes water, in its slushy surface, and in its frozen muddy bottom. Without sunlight, Lake Vostoks living community of organisms (called extremophiles, because they thrive in extreme conditions), rely on chemicals in rocks and heat from the geothermal systems to survive. This isnt terribly different from other such life forms found elsewhere on Earth. In fact, planetary scientists suspect that such organisms could thrive very easily in extreme conditions on icy worlds in the solar system. The DNA of Lake Vostoks Life Advanced DNA studies of the Vostokians indicate that these extremophiles are typical of both freshwater and saltwater environments and they somehow find a way to live in the cold waters. Interestingly, while the Vostok life forms are thriving on chemical food, they themselves are identical to bacteria that live inside of fish, lobsters, crabs, and some types of worms. So, while the Lake Vostok life forms may be isolated now, they are clearly connected to other forms of life on Earth. They also make a good population of organisms to study, as scientists ponder whether or not similar life exists elsewhere in the solar system, particularly in the oceans beneath the icy surface of Jupiters moon, Europa. Lake Vostok is named for Vostok Station, commemorating a Russian sloop used by Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen, who sailed on voyages to discover Antartica. The word means east in Russian. Since its discovery, scientists have been surveying the under-ice landscape of the lake and the surrounding region. Two more lakes have been found, and that now raises the question about connections between these otherwise-hidden bodies of water. In addition, scientists are still debating the history of the lake, which appears to have formed at least 15 million years ago and was covered over by thick blankets of ice. The surface of Antarctica above the lake routinely experiences very cold weather, with temperatures dipping down to -89 ° C. The biology of the lake continues to be a major source of research, with scientists in the U.S., Russia, and Europe, studying the water and its organisms closely to understand their evolutionary and biological processes. Continued drilling poses a risk to the ecosystem of the lake since contaminants such as antifreeze will harm the organisms of the lake. Several alternatives are being examined, including hot-water drilling, which may be somewhat safer, but it  still poses a danger to lake life.

Hamlet and Macbeth Compared as Aristotelian Tragedies Essay

Aristotle’s Poetics is often considered the blueprint to a successful tragedy; his outline has been used for hundreds of years. Aristotle defines a tragedy as â€Å"an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude†¦ in the form of an action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (House 82). Aristotle believed that the most important part of a strong tragedy was the plot, and from that, the other elements such as character, diction, etc. would emerge. Aristotle states, â€Å"the principle of tragedy – the soul, if you like – is the plot, and second to that the characters† (Whalley 27). Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Hamlet essentially mirror this definition. While it is true†¦show more content†¦Hamlet tackles the tragedy within a family, but Macbeth is written as a tragedy that occurs between friends and associates. While extremely ambitious to be king , at the opening of the play Macbeth is a loyal servant to King Duncan of Scotland. However, upon hearing a prophecy from the three witches that predicts his rise to the throne, an insatiable sense of ambition to succeed and wield power overwhelms the good nature of Macbeth. Aristotle describes this part of tragedy as, â€Å"the action is human, the energy is human†¦ the action is plotted and prepared by the maker† (Whalley, 23). This is evident when Macbeth utters to himself, â€Å"Let not light see my black and deep desires† making known his intentions to murder the king (Macbeth I.iii.52-53). His action is a premeditated response and is aggravated by his all too human emotions, ambitions and greed. After the action element of the story, the character is the next central component in a successful Aristotelian tragedy. According to Aristotle, the character must be true to life and natural; a character is supposed to be a perfectly related to the audience while remaining believable enough to hold their role in a production (House, 91). Hamlet is a wealthy and privileged prince; however, he deals with the problems similar to most common people. He is confused, emotional, obsessive, and paranoid about the circumstances surrounding the death of his father the king. He lacks faithShow MoreRelatedEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 Pagesform of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character create s resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, Aristotle identified that the action of the drama should take place within a 24hour timeframe. An ancient play which is believed to be the perfect tragedy is OedipusRead MoreA Summary On Tragedy 2914 Words   |  12 Pagesday, ‘Is tragedy (still) possible?’ Be specific in your definitions, and illustrate your points with examples drawn from class material and anything else you may find helpful. The Foundations of a Tragedy For centuries the only definition of tragedy available to critics was found through Aristotle’s Poetics. Rarely were the ideas of Aristotle challenged and his explanation of a tragic work established the format of tragedy. Aristotle was never questioned and thus his explanation of tragedy stood for

Reasons Why the American Economy is in Recession Free Essays

string(167) " and is continuously hitting the American economy, it is worthy to identify and acknowledge the underlying reasons behind why the country’s economy is in recession\." The condition of the economy of the United States is significant to consider as it measures the worldwide financial system. Since it is now in recession, this paper will discuss the nature of the said financial crisis, causes and its implications to the country and its people. In order to recognize the damaging effects of recession, this paper ultimately aims to have a clear discussion of the reasons why the American economy is in recession. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons Why the American Economy is in Recession or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reasons Why the American Economy is in Recession Introduction The current global financial crisis has traced its roots and is apparently attributed to the significant economic collapse of one of the world’s powerful and established economies, which is that of the United States. In fact, the American economy, which is considered to be as a very influential and stable financial system, has now been regarded as the turning point of worldwide recession or which signals the eventual economic downturn of other countries. This is because the American economy evidently spells the potential outcome as far as the economies of other nations. Hence, when the U. S. economy is down, economies around the world are expected to be dragged simply because of their seeming reliance to the economic or financial structure of the former. While the recession of American economy has been noticeable for the past years, the U. S. government just recently made it official. This is for the reason that the country has appeared to just only have submitted to the problem and accepted the fact that it now needs the support of other countries particularly those whose economies can now survive on their own and are not directly affected by the American economy recession. Now, the U. S. and a large part of the world are faced with the most terrible economic catastrophe since the renowned The Great Depression. Hence, it is empirically essential to determine and analyze the reasons behind why the economy of a dominant nation such as the U. S. is now feeling the heat and damaging implications of recession. American economists and concerned authorities have normally credited the recession to the apparent bungled decisions and activities made to manage the economy’s money supply. However, there is still a need to dig deeper and search for other causes of the recession in order to come up with a clear and comprehensive presentation and study of the said economic concern. This action is primarily aimed at providing the public with an understanding of the nature, grounds and harmful effects of recession to the American economy as well as that of other countries and most importantly, in order to ultimately resolve the issue and find ways to prevent it occurring again in the future. Recession of American Economy, an Overview According to Cush (2008), lead developer of the Recession site, recession in the economic field normally refers to a condition where a nation’s gross domestic product or GDP obviously maintains a negative development component in a span of approximately six months or around two successive quarters in minimum (Cush, 2008). Aside from the said general description, the authorized reviewer of downturns in the U. S. , which is called the National Bureau of Economic Research or NBER, characterizes recession as â€Å"a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production and wholesale-retail sales† (â€Å"The American Economy,† 2008). Based from the above descriptions, it is significantly obvious that the existing American recession has likely met the criteria and that its harmful implications are already being manifested within the country’s financial system and are visibly felt by people. Since the NBER has officially affirmed that the economy is in a slump status, the government and many sectors specifically those which are gravely affected are now trying their best to appear less battered and emerge liberated when this economic condition is over. The economic condition of recession has afflicted the American economy since the eighteenth century. The various circumstances concerning the previous collapse in the economy included a disruption of trade and real estate markets, devastation of the shipping industry, crash of the banking system, unemployment, fall of the agricultural sector, slump in manufacturing, collapse of the stock market, monetary reduction, labor influx, inflation, tightening of monetary policy, oil price increase and even terrorist attacks. In particular, the current recession is caused by increasing oil costs which has resulted into escalating food prices and worldwide inflation, credit crisis which paved the way for bankruptcy and rising unemployment rate, all of which led to the growth of recession around the world (Cush, 2008). Additionally, the causes of recession are also a staunchly argued subject matter thus Cush further stated that its primary reason is, in fact, the actions which were carried out in an apparent attempt to rule and influence the supply of money in the American economy. This is where the obligations or functions of the Federal Reserve were questioned and blamed because the actions taken turned out to be the reasons why the economy crushed. Beside this, it was also traced that even when the economy manifests temporary occurrences such as unstable oil costs and armed conflict, these factors also contribute to the eventuality of recession (Cush, 2008). Beyond the history and causes of recession, its implication is maybe the most inflicting element and which is the ultimate concern of a country and its people. Cush explained that while GDP growth exists, the gasping symptoms of recession become more evident in various sectors and fields such as those which were previously experienced by the American economy in past recession incidents. Worst, when the financial system is continued to be exposed and hit by lasting recession, the condition eventually results into economic depression (Cush, 2008). Reasons behind the Recession In order to attain a better understanding of this financially-induced predicament which struck and is continuously hitting the American economy, it is worthy to identify and acknowledge the underlying reasons behind why the country’s economy is in recession. You read "Reasons Why the American Economy is in Recession" in category "Papers" To explain further the previously cited reason concerning the actions taken by the Federal Reserve apparently to manipulate the economy’s money supply, Cush made it clear that such factor was considered because it is the said financial entity which is in charge of keeping money supply and interest values stable while in a perfect balance with inflation (Cush, 2008). Cush further analyzed that when the Fed lost balance in this situation, the American economy was able to escape and compelled to rectify itself. This action was what specifically happened in 2007 when the Feds’ financial policy of bringing in remarkable supply of money into the market made the interest rates lesser even if inflation remained. However, when the said action is mixed with loosen financial policies such as in lending structures just to be able to alleviate the borrowing of money, the activities within the financial system were not uphold which paved the way for the economy to reach a freezing point (Cush, 2008). Meanwhile, Richebacher (2006) generally said that for the U. S. , the fast and sharp deterioration in the increase of consumer spending is the initial or even crucial factor which caused the looming and led to the eventuality severe American recession. In an effort to evaluate the said economic condition and additional development possibilities of the American economy, Richebacher said that the initial and significant detail to consider is that the economic recovery of the country since the latter part of 2001 has been regarded as the weakest so far in the entire postwar era. He added in particular that the inflation-adapted per hour and weekly compensations are evidently low nowadays as compared to the rate at the beginning of the economic resurgence in November of 2001 (Richebacher, 2006). Secondly, even if there is an inflation adjustment, the medium household earning plunged for the past five years and was even four percent less in 2004 as compared during 1999. Next is that the overall employment rate since the first quarter of 2001 is apparently up by 1. 9 percent while jobs in the private sector was placed at 1. percent. Ironically, while more jobs became more available, the unemployment rate turned out to be short for the primary reason that a significant number of Americans have yielded searching for their respective works (Richebacher, 2006). Additional and seemingly factors may also be considered as grounds which caused the American economic recession. These include the fact that employment growth has suddenly dropped for the past months specifically from 200, 000 jobs in the early part of the year to only 75,000 jobs in the middle period. Another reason is that the employment increase is only felt or seen coming from the spurious businesses and which tried to suggest that there is a growth within small and new companies which were not taken in the payroll appraisal yet the truth is there is a slump among existing industries and organizations. Lastly, indebtedness in the private households rose by 70 percent which was coupled by a general improvement in actual not reusable individual income by 12 percent (Richebacher, 2006). Rise in Consumer Spending An awfully distorted GDP account which apparently showed an increase in American consumer spending of a record high of 5. 2 percent years ago was, in fact, only placed at 1. 3 percent. This is because people just confidently settled and focused on the bigger consumer spending rate without realizing that it should really be in a yearly figure hence a smaller rate. To be more specific, Richebacher revealed that the horrible reality about the sudden increase in consumer spending, which was manifested in the past years, has truly and efficiently damaged. However, Richebacher also noted the significant and abrupt weakening of consumer spending which he regarded as the decisive factor thus a serious American recession is now happening. With this, he commented that the strength of consumer spending in the coming years is reliant to the prospects of maximum cash-out credit refinancing as compared with increasing housing costs. Sadly, one does not need to be smart just to realize that what Richebacher said is absolutely impractical and unattainable nowadays and considering the current recession that the American economy is experiencing (Richebacher, 2006). Accelerating Credit Expansion Richebacher stated that by analyzing the rush in credit expansion, it is now suspected that the slowing down of American economy has something to do or related with the actions made by the Feds such as the rate hikes. In short, regardless of the decisions made by the Feds, the fact remains that the existing credit expansion remains to accelerate. This is where the economy is affected because the more credit expands it then results into less activity within the financial system if it has to be gauged by GDP (Richebacher, 2006). The nation failed to recognize and realize that an economy which is motivated by frenzy-based housing system, in turn, demands more credit and debt. This is because the economy initially requires intense borrowing in order to push the housing costs. In effect, heavy borrowing translated capital profits into cash. When this is joined with the current smallest or existing nil actual disposable revenue growth, the outcome is somewhat similar to a credit Moloch consuming credit and which bestowed less and less growth for the economy (Richebacher, 2006). Harmful Trade Deficit Another reason why the American economy is in recession is the reality about trade deficit. This is because trade deficit fundamentally changed the structure of the U. S. economy in a negative manner. This condition was manifested in the failure of manufacturing industry which is a financial area that depicts the highest level of capital pattern hence could have also been the source of the highest level of growth in production. Hence, Richebacher imparted that the most significant issue to realize here is that the accrued surpluses in spending and debt in the American economy and its fiscal method for the past decade are the overall extent which surpassed the possibility of debt service from existing income (Richebacher, 2006). Inactive Debt Trap Richebacher said that in an economy with a dormant actual disposable income and which is coupled by a double-digit increase in debt; it is the end users who are led into a cruel debt trap. There is an accepted perspective that households financially prepare both to withstand any economy-related problems and still carry on with an increased spending (Richebacher, 2006). However, Richebacher viewed that the most significant to consider the reality that people collect debts at a rate which obviously goes beyond their capacities of debt service when based from their existing income (Richebacher, 2006). Hence, the recession in the American economy is attributed with this fact that many have not resolved debt services and other debt-related concerns thereby injuring more and adding to the existing elements of economic recession. Crashing of Housing Cost Since the debt trap was not resolved or even addressed, the situation resulted into crashing of housing price. Richebacher presented three important features of this recession ground which included a situation wherein a busted house price definitely portrayed a lower instability of housing costs as well as the lower fluidity in housing markets. Next is that the crashing of housing cost exists for the past years and which is longer than the period when equity price was busted. Most importantly, the link between growth and breakage of the economy was, in fact, even more robust and solid in the housing category than equity costs (Richebacher, 2006). Ignored recession risk warning Apart from the concrete reasons given by Richebacher on why the American economy is now on recession, it is equally worthy to note that the said financial dilemma is also caused by the apparent neglect made by the country to an earlier warning. Judging from the previous years’ economic condition of the economy and the inevitable possibility of another round of recession, former U. S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan already made a warning, even months before the financial crisis eventually materialized, that the country’s economy is likely heading into recession (cited in â€Å"Greenspan warns of U. S. recession risk,† 2007). Greenspan based his warning from the fact that the American economy has been developing at the start of 2000 and that there has been notable indications that the existing economic phase will eventually come to its end. He noted that when the economy reached the said cycle, there is the tendency that unwavering components will eventually enhance for a recession to happen again. Greenspan particularly cited as an example the stabilization of profit margins which is taken as a warning that the economy is in the ending phased of the development cycle hence recession is impending (cited in â€Å"Greenspan warns of U. S. recession risk,† 2007). Despite the warning made by a person who is in authority concerning the financial system, however, the country apparently ignored the caution made by Greenspan. In fact, he presented specific details which proved an imminent round of recession. Regardless of the Greenspan warning, the nation opted to regard the situation which provided more comfort and continued to relish a temporary economic growth. In doing so, it was unfortunate that the country is now again faced with a damaging financial crisis which effects could have been averted if only the warning was taken into consideration. Conclusion While it appeared to be inevitable for the country to suffer economic recession, its damaging implications could have been managed in a manner that the country and its people will emerge triumphant over a specific financial crisis. This condition can be made possible if only the grounds which caused the current downturn are effectively analyzed with an aim to draw out solutions. Nonetheless, this period is better to be taken as lesson to be learned. How to cite Reasons Why the American Economy is in Recession, Papers

Urban vs Rural India free essay sample

Urban vs Rural India About 80 per cent of the Indian population live in villages. When travelling through the length and breadth of this subcontinent, one can really visualise the difference betweenrural  and  urban  India. There is a big difference between urban and rural India. One of the  major  differences that can be seen between rural  India  and urban India, is their standards of living. People living in urban  India  have better living conditions than those living in the rural parts of India. There is a wide economic gap between rural and urban India. Rural India is very poor when compared to Urban India. Another difference that can be seen between urban and rural India, is their education. In rural India, the parents seldom educate their children, and instead, make their children work in the fields. Poverty, and lack of sufficient infrastructure, can be attributed to the lack of education in rural India. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban vs Rural India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When considering homes, about three-quarters of the households in urban India live in pucca homes. On the other hand, only a quarter of the people in rural India live in pucca homes. While groundwater is the main source of drinking water in rural India, the urban people rely more on tap-water. Urban India is almost electrified when compared to rural India. One can even come across villages where electric power is not yet available. When comparng the sanitary facilities, it is limited in rural india. About 90 per cent of the households in rural India do not have latrines, but this is not the case in urban India. Most of the developments have not yet reached the rural parts of India. With regards to health care as well, rural India lacks  good  hospitals when compared to urban India. Some of the rural areas even lack a dispensery. Summary: 1. People living in urban India have better living conditions than those living in the rural parts of India. 2. Rural India is very poor when compared to urban India. 3. In rural India, the parents seldom educate their children, and instead, make their children work in the fields. 4. About three-quarters of the households in urban India live in pucca homes. On the other hand, only a quarter of the people in rural India live in pucca homes. 5. Most of the developments have not yet reached the rural parts of India. 6. With regards to health care, rural India lacks good hospitals when compared to urban India.

Title Critically discuss the ways UNICEF engage media techniques in their communications’ strategy. The WritePass Journal

Title Critically discuss the ways UNICEF engage media techniques in their communications’ strategy. Introduction Title Critically discuss the ways UNICEF engage media techniques in their communications’ strategy. : 37). NGOs are also important in helping to bring public interest matters before the courts (Wadham, 2001: 1). The mass media is a useful tool that allows political communications of NGOs to be effectuated, yet social, cultural and psychological problems are usually associated with media content and use (Perse, 2001: 1). It was stressed by Young that modern society engulfs its members through the media, education and participation within the marketplace (Young, 1999: 82). The media is capable of articulating beliefs by adopting various ideological approaches. It has been said by Croteau and Hoynes that the media do not promote a singular perception of ideology and instead communicate a number of different ideological perceptions (Croteau and Hoynes, 2012: 154). They noted that social ideologies are more domineering of society than mainstream ideologies because of the fact that people pay as much attention to street scenes, housing and clothing as they do to the commentary when watch ing international news (Thompson, 1995: 176). Arguably, it is clear from these assertions that the media is extremely powerful in influencing the minds of individuals, which is why it is a form of communication that is commonly used by NGOs to further their agendas. The media is capable of shaping an audiences subjectivity through the representation of ideological beliefs. NGOs thereby benefit from using media techniques to persuade their targeted audience to act in a certain manner. The media is extremely powerful in persuading the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of society through the use of propaganda. Propaganda is a form of communication that influences an audience to act based on a particular agenda. Propaganda is used as a means of generating emotional responses to messages that are produced to influence societal attitudes towards a particular cause or position. NGOs often use propaganda to fulfil their objectives and are thus considered effective cultural propaganda disseminators (Cull et al; 2003: 193). NGOs have been considered politics of the poor on the basis that they represent political ideologies (Karim, 2001: 92). Political ideology is a set of ideas which represent the objectives, expectations and actions of a political party. A broad range of belief systems exist within different political parties and have generally been acquired from doctrines, ideals, myths, principles and social movements. Ideology is a system that is made up of values and beliefs regarding the various institutions and processes of society that is accepted as fact or truth by a group of people† (Sargent, 2008: 2). Political ideology therefore comprises the views of political parties on how the world should be. This allows political parties to allocate social values (Easton, 1971: 129) and determine what is considered an ideal world. There are different views and opinions of ideological theory, though ideology is largely driven by competing groups in society who strive for hegemony (Hall, 1997: 13). Hegemony happens when the most dominant in society promotes, through the media and culture, a set of ideals that members of that society must conform to (Allan, 2004: 6). This is beneficial for NGOs who use the media to establish an ideological perception of the rights in which they are trying to protect. In deciding whether certain behaviours conform to society, the set of ideals that have been created within that society will need to be considered b y the media when deciding what messages need to be conveyed. Many believe that this is unfair and problematic as ideology only serves the interests of one segment of society over all other segments (Curra, 2000: 6). This prejudices many parts of society as certain groups may not benefit from the established ideals that are created. As pointed out by Brown et al; ideology may only be beneficial to certain ethnic groups, genders or religions (Brown et al; 2010: 9). This does not provide an accurate reflection of the whole of society and whilst ideals are necessary in helping people to identify what is right and wrong, it seems unacceptable to segregate certain parts of society. This may, however, be necessary when protecting the rights of certain individuals. Political ideologies are subject to further critique on the basis that they do not consider the needs of modern society (Stankiewicz, 2012: 408), yet as pointed out by Selinger; â€Å"There is no politics without ideology† (Selinger, 1975: 99). In effect, this appears to demonstrate that all political communications will have some element of ideology as moral judgements will be contained within them. Effectively, the objectives of NGOs will be based upon ideological beliefs and will mostly have a political objective. An example of this can be seen in relation to the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), which is an NGO that provides humanitarian and development assistance to mothers and children in underdeveloped countries. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) created UNICEF on the 11th December 1946 to provide food and healthcare to children that had been affected by World War II. Although UNICEF is not operated by the government, it like many other NGOs largely relies upon governmental support and political communications. NGOs have, for some time, relied upon the mass media to expose violations of human-rights and encourage governments to put pressure on those found to be abusing them (Thrall et al; 2014: 3). This is intended to discourage human rights abuses from taking place and to help the perpetrators be put to justice. The effectiveness of this is arguable, though it seems as though greater support is being acquired by the likes of UNICEF as a result of this. Since the advancement of modern technology UNICEF is now able to establish new communication strategies for channeling information politics via the internet (Chadwick and Phillip, 2008: 3). It is arguable whether the strategies that are being undertaken by UNICEF are effective in persuading audiences to support their cause, though it seems likely given UNICEFs use of the media. The media is largely proficient in influencing society of certain ideological perceptions through television programmes, newspapers, magazines, films and radio programmes (Long and Wall, 2009; 285). These forms of communication are used in a way that manipulates societal values and beliefs and will continue to influence the ways in which we think about things whether consciously or subconsciously (Kenix, 2010: 1). Not only does the media send out ideological messages to the public but media systems have also been intertwined into societys ideological framework. This highlights the power of the media in shaping individuals values and beliefs within society. UNICEFs campaigns are mainly in the form of mass media, radio programmes, posters, street plays and localised outreach (UNICEF, 2014: 1). Because of this, a wider range of support will be acquired. UNICEF is reaching out to a broader audience, which will generate a huge amount of support and funding that would not otherwise be available. Arguably, it is imperative that the media techniques being used in UNICEFs communications strategy are effective in helping to shape ideological views on the rights of children. UNICEF is an advocate of childrens rights and so it is necessary for UNICEF to communicate how these rights are being violated and what protections need to be in place. This will help UNICEF to gain support and the message UNICEF is trying to put across will be better received by the public. Communications Strategy The communications strategy of UNICEF is vital in strengthening human development and avoiding missed opportunities. An ineffective communications strategy will generally yield poor results and stifle the development of UNICEF (UNDP, 2014: 1). UNICEFs targeted audience will not receive the message that is being portrayed. This will prevent UNICEF from developing, which will impact its success.. Effective communications are important skills NGOs need to survive and be successful (KDID, 2013: 28). To make an impact, UNICEF will thus be required to use effective means of communication to ensure that their views and opinions are heard. In doing so, they will most likely face a number of difficult challenges because of the fact that it has become increasingly difficult to deliver to society complex humanitarian crises. It is also difficult to explain to society who is involved in certain humanitarian crisis because of how widespread they generally are (ICRC, 2005: 673). A huge amount of N GOs currently strive for media attention, thereby highlighting the need to have effective communication strategies in place (Thrall et al; 2014: 19). UNICEF must adopt a coherent and credible approach when conveying public communication so that its message can be heard. It has been said that in order to understand political communication, one must understand how consent is created (Denton and Kuypers, 2007: 1). UNICEF will thus be required to communicate messages in a way that allows consent to be obtained, which will need to be included within the communications strategy of UNICEF.   A good communications strategy will help to certify good organisational branding and positioning, which will help to attract staff, donors and volunteers (KDID, 2013: 28). Successful branding through media communications will put an NGO in a desirable position within the community, which will help to garner support and belief from the public. This will require NGOs to be completely transparent so that the messages in which they are trying to put across can be clearly communicated (Thrall et al; 2014: 19). Unless UNICEF adopts a transparent and clear approach, it will be difficult to gain support and belief from the public (Lilleker, 2006: 4). Public support is, however, crucial to the implementation of change (Rabinowitz, 2013: 3). Without public support, it is doubtful that UNICEF would be as successful as they are. It is debatable what the best techniques for gaining public support are, though an effective communications strategy that takes into account UNICEFs agenda and identifies points that will require persuasive communication will most likely prove successful. It is important that the communications strategy identifies the approaches and tools that are needed to make a particular event more effective. In developing a communications strategy, it first needs to be established what UNICEF is trying to achieve. Subsequently, it will then need to be considered what communications objectives will most likely support the objectives of the project (McManus, 1994: 58). The communications objectives of UNICEF will be those that are capable of being reached through various means of communications. Such objectives will also need a target audience. This will require UNICEF to consider who they are trying to reach. In reaching out to the target audience, UNICEF will need to develop appropriate messages which highlight the relevant issues; the actions that needs to be taken by the target audience; and the benefits of such action (KDID, 2013: 28). Once this has been done, UNICEF will then have to consider how these messages will be delivered. Different methods of communication will be considered depending upon the type of event that is b eing promoted such as; media conferences, social media, interviews, marketing, advertisements and news stories. Given that UNICEF targets underdeveloped countries, it is likely that difficulties will be faced when considering the political objectives of various countries. Political communications are likely to vary from one country to another, which will create a number of problems. An effective communications strategy will seek to address these difficulties, though it will remain arguable whether they will prove sufficient in achieving certain objectives (Thrall et al; 2014: 19). In Africa, for example, the media seems to control those in power by reporting to citizens. Whilst this demands a degree of institutional independence from the political system, it has been said that there is actually a clear interdependence between the media and political systems (Windeck, 2014: 17). Information from political systems is usually exchanged for coverage in the media system and vice versa. The media consequently rely heavily on the supply of information from politics, whilst political bodies rely on th e media to spread their messages and objectives (Windeck, 2014: 17). Political communication is   an important tool in the political process, and will continue to influence politics. In effect, the political communications of certain countries will be driven by cultural and political factors, which may be difficult to overcome. Female genital mutilation is one area that UNICEF continues to campaign against, but is faced with many political objections from countries where FGM is prevalent; Asia, the Middle East and some parts of Africa (Gaber, 2007: 219). UNICEF are resultantly required to implement a strategy that is capable of strengthening the political commitment of governments. UNICEFs Communications Strategy There are three components of communication that are used by UNICEF to garner support and funding. These are; advocacy, social mobilisation and behaviour change communication (UNICEF, 2008: 7). Advocacy is used to inform and motivate leadership so that a supportive environment can be created. This will allow the objectives and development goals of the program to be achieved. Social mobilisation seeks to engage support and participation from various institutions, social and religious groups, and community networks. It is intended that the development objectives of UNICEF will be maintained through the use of social mobilisation and that greater demand will be generated. Behaviour change communication involves face to face discussions with a number of individuals and groups to motivate, inform, plan and problem-solve. It is anticipated that by using this technique, the objectives of UNICEF can be met (UNICEF, 2008: 7). Various conceptual models are used by UNICEF to implement communica tion including ACADA, P-Process and COMBI. The ACADA (Assessment, Communication Analysis, Design, Action) model is frequently used by UNICEF to use systematically-gathered data to link communications strategies to development problems. The P-Process model, developed by The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), is used for the strategic planning of evidence based communication programmes and contains the following five steps; 1) analysis, 2) strategic design, 3) development and testing, 4) implementation and monitoring, and 5) evaluation and re-planning (UNICEF, 2008: 7). The COMBI   model uses a ten step process for communication planning, which are; 1) overall goal, 2) behavioural results/objectives, 3) situational market analysis, 4) results strategy, 5) plan of action, 6) management structure, 7) monitoring, 8) impact assessment, 9) scheduling, and 10) budget (UNICEF, 2008: 7). All three of these models seek to establish an effective communications strategy by analysing the different approaches that can be taken and considering the necessary steps needed. Analysis is integral to an effective communications strategy as it will enable any underlying issues to be identified and thereby dealt with accordingly. UNICEF undertakes a comprehensive analysis comprising of; the situation, the programme, the participants, the behaviours, and the communication channels (UNICEF, 2008: 7). The situation section describes the issues that are being addressed by UNICEF such as; child poverty, disease, malnutrition and trafficking. This is based upon data that has been collected from local knowledge, programme documents and research. The data highlights the underlying social and cultural issues by demonstrating what changes need to be made to social structures and practices. The programme section is designed to establish where the objectives of UNICEF can be achieved by communication. The participant section establishes what people are required to achieve UNICEFs objectives. The behaviour section focuses on setting behavioural objectives and analysing the behaviours or practices that have been selected for change. Finally, the communication channels section considers the available communication channels that are applicable in achieving the objectives. Once the analysis has been completed, UNICEF will have identified the participants, behaviours and channels of communications that are needed to encourage audience participation and accomplish its goals (UNICEF, 2008: 7). In order to ensure that the objectives of UNICEF are being met by changing the attitude and behaviour of individuals, knowledge alone will not be sufficient. Instead, a supportive environment will also need to be established (UNICEF, 2008: 37). Therefore, whilst the communications strategy of UNICEF will need to instil knowledge into the community so that support can be acquired, a supportive environment will also need to be created. This will involve creating policies that improve access to services and by using leaders that help to promote social and behaviour change amongst various members of society. Resources will also need to be allocated for the programme activities that are to be carried out and positive change will be effectuated by using a combination of communication techniques. UNICEF believes that communication goes way beyond providing information to the targeted audience and instead argue that communication is vital for development (Dijkzeul and Moke, 2005: 673). UNICE F has therefore set up a development programme, also known as C4D, which aims to engage communities through understanding peoples beliefs, values and social and cultural norms (Lenni and Tacchi, 2013: 16). This is achieved from listening to adults and children, identifying issues and working out solutions. This is considered a two way process that allows individuals to share knowledge and ideas through the use of various communication techniques that empower communities to take action in improving the lives of children (Lenni and Tacchi, 2013: 16). Advocacy is one technique UNICEF engages in its communications strategy, which is the act of supporting a cause to produce a desired change (Save the Children, 2014: 1). Advocacy is capable of influencing governments to effect change by communicating with the media, elected officials and influential leaders. Advocacy is able to encourage leaders to implement various changes such as; legal reform, policy decisions, addressing social and political barriers, and altering funding priorities. Advocacy efforts being used by UNICEF occur at global, national and sub-level and seek to influence the decisions of policy makers as well as political and social leaders. This is done through the creation of an enabling policy and legislative environment and by allocating resources appropriately to create and sustain social transformation (UNICEF, 2011: 1). For example, in 2010 when polio resurfaced in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there existed a lack of awareness of the disease and how it could be prevented. Influential leaders, such as Marco Kiabuta, did not believe that the vaccination of polio was necessary. After a number of debates with community mobilisers and leaders Kiabuta came to realise just how vital a vaccination was. This example demonstrates how effective communication techniques ca n make a huge difference in implementing change and possibly saving lives (UNICEF, 2011: 1). Advocacy is used by UNICEF to target political, business and social leaders at national and local levels. It is not used simply to create mass awareness but is also used as a means of generating change and leading to a specific action that is to be taken (UNICEF, 2010: 20). UNICEF uses advocacy to inform and motivate appropriate leaders to create a supportive environment by changing polices, speaking out on critical issues, allocating resources and initiating public discussion. Communication is a powerful tool, which is why it is important for various media techniques to be adopted by NGOs such as UNICEF. Social mobilisation is another method of communication that is used by UNICEF to enlist participants, community networks, and religious groups to strengthen participation in various activities. This helps to engage and motivate partners and allies to raise awareness of UNICEFs development o bjectives through face-to-face dialogue. Partners and allies subsequently work together to target audiences and convey certain messages. Social mobilisation is used as a way to facilitate change through a range of players that are engaged in interrelated and complementary efforts (UNICEF, 2012: 1). An example of this can be seen in relation to the training community health workers in Madagascar received from UNICEF. The health workers were trained to provide outreach to families on various issues including, hand washing, vaccinating children, and not defecating in the open (UNICEF, 2012: 1). This is clearly an effective communication technique that is used by UNICEF as it allows certain individuals to be trained up so that they can pass their knowledge onto others. This has a domino like effect and will enable the views of UNICEF to be conveyed to a wider audience than that which would have been possible through advertisements alone. Social mobilisation is therefore an effective way of spreading messages to targeted audiences and helping to achieve the objectives of UNICEF, which is to provide assistance to mothers and children in underdeveloped countries. Behaviour change communication is another method that is used to address knowledge, attitudes and practices that are linked to programme goals. This is done by providing participants with relevant information and motivation through well-defined strategies, using an audience-appropriate mix of interpersonal, group and mass media channels and participatory methods (UNICEF/INDA, 2012, 1). Behaviour change communication strategies focus on the individual to effect change. In order for behavioural changes to happen on a larger scale, social change communication needs to be employed. This technique helps to define and address social influences in life and is currently being employed by UNICEF through the Social Ecological Model framework (UNICEF/INDA, 2012, 1). The media techniques that are currently being used by UNICEF do appear effective in helping to persuade audiences to provide support. The more UNICEF does to spread its message, the more successful UNICEF will be in achieving its aims. The Meena Communication Initiative in South Asia gives an example of how mass media and interpersonal communication is used to enhance the self-esteem and self-worth of children by enabling them to become familiar with life skills that are essential empowerment tools. The programme is primarily school based and is centred around a nine-year old girl called Meena who seeks to fight against the stigma that surrounds HIV/AIDS (UNICEF/INDA, 2012, 1). A radio station called Meena Radio was launched in 2010 to communicate with children, their parents, educators and community leaders. This provides an effective means of communication and provides a platform for UNICEFs political beliefs to be heard. It is intended that the radio stations audience will be persuaded to act so that the voices of children and communities can be heard through the power of communication. This helps to promote child survival, development, protection and participation (UNICEF, 2014: 1). It is clear that UNICEF uses a number of different media techniques in its communications strategy to achieve its objectives. Without the use of such techniques, the voices of children and communities would not be heard and UNICEFs message would not be delivered to its intended audience. It has been said that UNICEF raises considerable funds and carries out strong communication on its own through its national committees, press centre and media team (Dijkzeul and Moke, 2005: 683). This signifies the importance of having an effective communications strategy is in place as it can generate a significant amount of funding that would not otherwise be available. UNICEF also uses high profile figures to be its ambassadors who have been considered a highly effective in persuading society (Stromback, 2011: 42). Conclusion Overall, an effective communication strategy in an important tool for helping governmental and non-governmental organisations communicate effectively to meet core objectives. Given that UNICEF relies on voluntary donations from members of the public, government departments, charitable trusts and event organisers, it is important that they are capable of successfully communicating their objectives. In doing so, they will be required to persuade or encourage their audiences to provide support or funding so that UNICEFs end goals can be achieved. Given that UNICEF uses a number of different media techniques in its communications strategy, the approach that is currently being undertaken does appear workable. The media is a powerful tool in the art of persuasion, which is what UNICEF needs in order to survive. The use of media techniques will help to raise awareness of UNICEFs objectives and obtain humanitarian assistance. It is unlikely that such assistance would be obtained without the use of various media techniques, which is why UNICEFs communications strategy does appear largely effective. References Allan, S. (2004), News Culture. Bukingham: Open University Press. Changing Minds. (2013). Persuasive Language, http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/persuasive/persuasive.htm [Online], Available: http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/persuasive/persuasive.htm [07 July 2014]. Chadwick, A. and Phillip, H. (2008). Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. London: Routledge. Croteau, D. and Hoynes, W. (2012). Media/Society: Industries, Images and Audiences, London: SAGE Publications. Cull, N. Culbert, D. and Welch, D. (2003). Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopaedia, 1500 to the Present, London: ABC-CLIO Publishers. Curra, J., (2000). The Relativity of Crime. Thousand Oaks, CA. London: Sage Publications. Denton, R. E. and Kuypers, J. A. (2007). Politics and Communication in America: Campaigns, Media and Governing in the 21st Century, Illinois: Waveland Press. Dijkzeul, D. and Moke, M. (2005). Public Communication Strategies of International Humanitarian Organisations, International Review of the Red Cross, Volume 87, Number 860, 20-23. Easton, D. (1971). The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science, 2nd Edition, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Erwin, P. (2014). Attitudes and Persuasion. London: Psychology Press.    Goodman, M. B. and Hirsch, P. B. (2010) Corporate Communications: Strategic Adaptation for Global Practice, New York: Business Economics. Hall, S. (1997). Representation Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage. ICRC. (2005). Public Communication Strategies of International Humanitarian Organizations. International Review of the Red Cross, Volume 87, Number 860, 673-691. Karim, L. (2001). Politics of the Poor? NGSs and Grass-Roots Political Mobilization in Bangladesh. Political and Legal Anthropology Review, Volume 24, Issue 1, 92-93. KDID. (2013). Develop a Communications Strategy for Your NGO, Communications and Media Relations, Civic Activits Toolkit, [Online] Available: http://kdid.org/sites/kdid/files/28.%20Develop%20a%20Communications%20Strategy%20for%20Your%20NGO.pdf [08 July 2014]. Lennie, J. and Tacchi, J. (2013) Evaluating Communication for Development: A Framework for Social Change, London: Routledge. Lilleker, D. (2006). Key Concepts in Political Communication. London: Sage Communications. Long, P., and Wall, T. (2009). Media Studies: Texts, Production and Context, London: Longman, 1st Edition. McManus, J. (1994). Market Driven Journalism. London: Sage. MLP. (2014). Language of Persuasion, [Online], Available: http://medialiteracyproject.org/language-persuasion [07 July 2014]. Oxfam. (2004). 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The International Journal of Press/Politics, Volume 19, Issue 3, 135-159. Selinger, M. (1976). Ideology and Politics. London: George Allen Unwin Ltd. Stankiewickz, W. J. (2012). In Search of a Political Philosophy: Ideologies at the Close of the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge. Stromback, J. (2011). Political Public Relations: Principles and Applications. New York: Taylor Francis.    UNDP., (2014). Developing a Communications Strategy http://web.undp.org/comtoolkit/why-communicate/why-core-concepts-com-strat.shtml [09 July 2014]. Wadham, J. (2001). The Human Rights Act: Sufficient Protection? New Law Journal, 151 NLJ 1411, Issue 7001, 109-114. UNICEF Staff. (2010). UNICEF Annual Report 2009 London,   UNICEF. UNICEF. (2011). Advocacy, [Online] Available: unicef.org/cbsc/index_42346.html [09 July 2014]. UNICEF. (2014). Communication for Development, [Online] Available: unicef.org/cbsc/ [09 July 2014]. UNICEF. (2014). 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(2012) Internal Affairs: How the Structure of NGOs Transforms Human Rights, New York: Cornell University Press.

Avogadros Law Definition in Chemistry Terms

Avogadros Law Definition in Chemistry Terms Avogadros Law is the relation which states that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules. The law was described by Italian chemist and physicist Amedeo Avogadro in 1811. Avogadros Law Equation There are a few ways to write this gas law, which is a mathematical relation. It may be stated: k V/n where k is a proportionality constant V is the volume of a gas, and n is the number of moles of a gas Avogadros law also means the ideal gas constant is the same value for all gases, so: constant p1V1/T1n1 P2V2/T2n2 V1/n1 V2/n2V1n2 V2n1 where p is pressure of a gas, V is volume, T is temperature, and n is number of moles Implications of Avogadros Law There are a few important consequences of the law being true. The molar volume of all ideal gases at 0 °C and 1 atm pressure is 22.4 liters.  If pressure and temperature of a gas are constant, when the amount of gas increases, the volume increases.If pressure and temperature of a gas are constant, when the amount of gas decreases, the volume decreases.You prove Avogadros Law every time you blow up a balloon. Avogadros Law Example Say you have 5.00 L of a gas which contains 0.965 mol of molecules. What will be the new volume of the gas if the quantity is increased to 1.80 mol, assuming pressure and temperature are held constant? Select the appropriate form of the law for the calculation. In this case, a good choice is: V1n2   V2n1 (5.00 L)(1.80 mol) (x)(0.965 mol) Rewriting to solve for x give you: x (5.00 L)(1.80 mol) / (0.965 mol) x 9.33 L

Real Estate Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Real Estate Personal Statement - Essay Example This experience enriched me with a native fluency in the second language and unique experience in an international environment. In addition, I have greatly improved on my organizational skills due to continuous time pressure during my study abroad. I am conscious that a real estate agent, especially in touristic areas, has to be proficient in several languages and possess a power of persuasion. That is why French and Spanish are my additional languages of choice that I work on in parallel to my main studies and already achieved significant proficiency in both of them. Moreover, I try when possible to engage in volunteer activity or short part time work as a receptionist to polish my communication skills with as a large variety of people. In final years of my undergraduate study I focused more on the Real Estate related profession and in two years successfully acquired a Real Estate License from Chamber of Commerce of Perugia. As my final exams are approaching I would like to define my future career entry as precise as possible and make sure that any additional studies or internships are well aligned with my professional goals. I strongly believe that my motivation and enthusiasm combined with short, but intense professional experience will help me to tackle future challenges in professional as well as educational settings. I look forward in exploring new horizons and educational opportunities that could help to propel my future

Strathfield Health Centre Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strathfield Health Centre - Case Study Example It will also demonstrate an ability to relate key roles of information systems in improving supply and inventory activities. The point of supply chain managing is to do away with inefficiencies, mainly surplus inventory. Inventory is a barrier to uncertainty. Uncertainty is hard to predict. Partnership between supply chain allies assists to lessen uncertainty since they have a faster ability to react and adjust, but they do not eradicate it. Supply chain visibility is extremely valuable, in that, it eases uncertainty and manages inventories (Silver 7). This would make it easier for SHC to know what inventory is where in the supply chain. This should be from purchase demands to suppliers to where customer demands are collected at supply centers, the better SHC can run their inventory. People, process and skill used to manage all inventory should be examined by the SHC. The following method should be applied by the SHC management team in order to improve its supply of medical products. Plan for an improved supply system In order to manage an office supplies inventory, SHC needs recognize everything that is happening around them. The SHC team needs to look over their office supplies and determine which items are mostly used in the health centre. Secondly, the team needs to create a list of items that if they lacked at any moment it would lead to a halt of the business. SHC should store a reasonable amount of these medical supplies in case a shortage arises. They will bring efficiency around the health care centre. The SHC team should also maintain a list of the required supplies to save them the energy and time of preparing a new list every time they want to order medical supplies. They should look over the list of supplies on a weekly basis to update it and make sure that all medical supplies that the health centre requires are within their reach. Key roles of Information Systems in improving supply and inventory processes An information system (IS) refers to any blend of information technology and an individual’s actions that sustain management, operations and making of decisions. It is also referred to as an application landscape (Rainer 3). In an exceptionally wide logic, the phrase information system is normally used to refer to the communication between processes, people, technology and data. In this view, the expression is used not only to refer to the ICT that an organization employs, but also to the means in which individuals in the organization can work together with this technology in support of business activities (Rainer 45). An organization’s information systems refer to a set of interconnected modules that gather, develop, store up, and distribute information. This is for the reason of supporting an organization’s administrative team in making decisions, controlling, coordinating and analyzing. Improving the computer information system is not a choice in this technology-motivated age. It is an obligation. Organizations that use the latest information system to collect, incorporate, and calculate internal plus external information are achieving competitive benefit over other organizations (Rainer 50). With the development of communication networks and systems, there are almost no obstacles between the organization’s administration, customers, employees and suppliers. Management now caters much faster to a customer’s requirements and moans. Networked computing systems have

Schools Equating Disability with Inability to Learn :: Education Disabilities Teaching Essays

Schools Equating Disability with Inability to Learn One need not consult a scholar of education to learn that each and every individual experiences the educational system in a different way. Most people would even be able to point to the factors that most influence our differences in the way we are taught--race, class, and gender. In focusing in on those three, however, some factors which are pretty influential are sometimes ignored. One of these is physical and other disabilities. In an interview with a disabled individual, â€Å"Phillip", I learned a number of things. To begin with, I was ignorant about the extent of discrimination that disabled individuals face in the formal educational setting. Secondly, the discrimination that disabled individuals face is similar to that which economically disadvantaged individuals experience. In Phillip's case, the similarities were seen in the his being tracked in the lower level and the presumption that deaf is synonymous with ineducable. So although Phillip and I are of the same race, and our families are relatively close in socioeconomic status, we experienced school in a drastically different way--simply because Phillip has a hearing disability. Phillip has a profound sensorineural loss, which essentially means that he can hear very little of conversational speech, even though he wears a hearing aid in one ear. Although Phillip communicates without sign language and other augmentative communication, he has experienced many trials throughout his life, especially in the educational setting. He understands language only by reading lips and using contextual cues according to his environment. Phillip doesn't remember much of his elementary school experience, but for the most part, his language was very poor, from a developmental perspective, and he was kept in classes where there were only deaf students present. He refers to his elementary school experience as "positive," but isn't really sure whether it was just the fun and excitement of his youth which overwhelmed the barriers that he would later experience in his life. Phillip's true experience with discrimination in the school setting began when he entered junior high, where he was mainstreamed, and took subjects among all of his peers, whether they were hearing or not. In high school Phillip was partially mainstreamed. He took English and other required courses with his deaf peers, but for his electives and physical education, he was put in classes where the majority of the population was hearing. In junior high, Phillip has vivid memories of not being able to understand teachers.

To what extent was the USA’s response Essay

In the years 1991 to 2004 the USA’s response international aggression was often based on protecting its own national interests. Post 9/11 especially saw the USA base nearly all of its responses on protecting its own national interests. However, on some occasions prior to 9/11 they did show some desire to protect global interests rather than just their own. Due to the events of the 11th September 2001 the USA began its war on terror, and specifically targeted was George Bush’s ‘axis of evil’ which included; Iran, Iraq and North Korea. The USA used their war on terror so to legitimise their actions worldwide thus destroying any hopes for a post cold war collective international security, therefore basing their response to international aggression on protecting their own national interests. This is seen with the invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001. Together with Britain they acted unilaterally in order to remove the al-Qaeda and capture bin Laden, who was the prime suspect for the 9/11 attacks. The USA believed its actions were justified by labelling them as self defence under Article 51 of the UN charter. This clearly shows that the USA based its responses to international aggression on protecting their own national interests. In addition, the USA further showed that their response to international aggression was based on their own national interests with their invasion of Iraq in March 2003. The USA believed Saddam Hussein to have been harbouring weapons of mass destruction which could be made available to the al-Qaeda to which they invaded with Britain, legitimising their actions by again stating it was due to self defence as they perceived themselves to be under threat. This was against the wishes of member counties in the United Nations (UN), as many believed there was little evidence to support their claim of Iraq having weapons of mass destruction. However, the USA only ignored these beliefs and continued to respond to international aggression based on protecting the ir own interests. Furthermore, the USA often decided to not work with the UN. This was because the USA’s own national interests were not being fully served through doing so. This resulted in the UN becoming weaker. This is clearly seen in Somalia in 1992-1995. The USA withdrew all its support by 1994 and with it their commitment towards any multilateral  military action. This withdrawal caused the UN mission in Somalia to fail and the country to be left without any central government, facing considerable humanitarian crises. This further shows how the USA based its response to international aggression on protecting its own national interests. However, as stated, the USA did show some desire to base its response to international aggression prior to 9/11. For example; the 1991 Gulf war with Kuwait and Iraq which they worked collectively with the UN. Iraq had seized considerable amount of the world’s oil supply by invading Kuwait. The USA went through the UN Security Council and committed large numbers of troops and also formed a coalition task force comprised of Syria and Egypt. The USA and its coalition task force took back Kuwait on January 1991. Furthermore, the USA opted not to overthrow Hussein’s government. This showed that the USA had some desire to base its response to international aggression not just on protecting their own national interests. Post 9/11 the USA were a part of some very small missions with the UN. This showed a small desire to base its response to international aggression on other goals other than protecting its own national interests such as world peace. An example of this is Cambodia in 1993. The US helped the UN produce a durable settlement to the Cambodian conflict and implement free elections. Overall, the USA responded to international aggression based on protecting its own national interests however, their response cannot be said to be ‘solely’ based on protecting their national interests. Indeed, this was the case with nearly all of their responses post 9/11 however; prior to 9/11 they did base some actions on furthering global interests rather than just their own. This is because 9/11 was a pivotal moment in USA relations with the rest of the world because of their war on terror and due to the fact they legitimised their actions worldwide through the war. In effect, they became a complete imperialist state that only really aimed at protecting its only national interests.

Funny Birthday Quotes to Tickle Your Imagination

A birthday is a joyous occasion. What could be a better birthday gift than the gift of happiness? This birthday, share happiness by spreading laughter using a funny birthday quote. If you enjoy wisecracks, this page has funny birthday quotes to suit your sense of humor. Robert FrostA diplomat is a man who always remembers a womans birthday but never remembers her age.You know you are getting old when the candles cost more than the cake.Sir Norman WisdomAs you get older three things happen. The first is your memory goes, and I cant remember the other two.AnonymousA well-adjusted woman is one who not only knows what she wants for her birthday, but even knows what shes going to exchange it for.AnonymousI never forget my wifes birthday. Its usually the day after she reminds me about it.AnonymousWhen I have a birthday I take the day off. But when my wife has a birthday, she takes a year or two off.AnonymousAge is a number and mine is unlisted.Larry LorenzoniBirthdays are good for you. Statistics show that the people who have the most live the longest.John GlennThere is still no cure for the common birthday.